Philippine Heroes

Image via Wikipedia

Jose Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda [ not in citation given][clarification needed] (June19, 1861  December 30, 1896, Bagumbayan), was a Filipino polymath, patriot and the most prominentadvocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is considered a national heroof the Philippines, and the anniversary of Rizal’s death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday calledRizal Day. Rizal’s 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution. The seventh of eleven children born to a rich family in the city of Calamba, Laguna, Rizal attended theAteneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts. He enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy andLetters at the University of Santo Tomas and then traveled alone to Madrid, Spain, where he continuedhis studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. Heattended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg. Rizalwas a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist,correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and Elfilibusterismo. These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the nucleus of literaturethat inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of armed revolutionariesagainst the Spanish colonial authorities.

Antonio Luna

Antonio Luna y Novicio (October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was a Filipino pharmacist and generalwho fought in the Philippine-American War. He was also the founder of the Philippines’s first militaryacademy.

Family background

Antonio Luna was born in Urbiztondo, Binondo, Manila. He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna, from Badoc, Ilocos Norte, and Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio, from Luna, La Union. Hisfather was a traveling salesman of the products of government monopolies. His older brother, Juan, wasan accomplished painter who studied in the Madrid Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Anotherbrother, Jose, became a doctor.In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Movementand wrote for La Solidaridad, published by the reformist movement of the elite Filipino students inSpain. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies underthe pen-name “Taga-ilog”.Luna was active as researcher in the scientific community in Spain, and wrote a scientific treatiseon malaria titled El Hematozoario del Paludismo (Malaria), which was favorably received in the scientificcommunity. He then went to Belgium and France, and worked as assistant to Dr. Latteaux and Dr.Laffen. In recognition of his ability, he was appointed commissioner by the Spanish government to studytropical and communicable diseases.In 1894, he went back to the Philippines where he took the competitive examination for chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila, came in first and won the position. He also opened a salade armas, a fencing club, and learned of the underground societies that were planning a revolution, and…

Melchora Aquino (Melchora Aquino de Ramos)

(January 6, 1812 ± March 2, 1919) was a Filipino revolutionarywho became known as”Tandang Sora”(“Tandang” is derived from the Tagalog wordmatandâ,which means old) in the history of the Philippines because of her age when the PhilippineRevolution broke out in 1896 (she was already 84 at the time). She gained the titleGrand Woman of the revolution and the Mother of Balintawak for her heroic contributions to Philippinehistory.In her native country, Aquino operated a store, which became a refuge for the sick andwounded revolutionaries. She fed, gave medical attention to and encouraged the revolutionarieswith motherly advice and prayers. Secret meetings of the Katipuneros (revolutionaries) were alsoheld at her house. Thus she earned the name, “Mother of the Katipunan” or revolution. When theSpaniards learned about her activities and her knowledge to the whereabouts of the Katipuneros,she was interrogated but she refused to divulge any information. She was then arrested by theGuardia Civil and was deported to the Mariana Islands.After the United States took control of the Philippines in 1898, Aquino, like other exiles,returned to Philippines until her death on March 2, 1919 at the age of 107. Her remains lie in her own backyard (now as Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park, Quezon City).

Gregorio del Pilar

Gregorio del Pilar y Sempio (November 14, 1875December 2, 1899) was one of the youngestgenerals in the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He is most known for his role and death at the Battle of Tirad Pass. Because of his youth,he was called the “Boy General.”He later joined General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had gained control of the movement, in HongKong after the truce at Biak-na-Bato. During the Spanish American War, Aguinaldo returned to thePhilippines and established the government of the First Philippine Republic. He appointed del Pilarsection leader of the revolutionary forces in Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. On June 1, del Pilar landed inBulacan with rifles purchased in Hong Kong, quickly laying siege on the Spanish forces in the province.When the Spaniards surrendered to del Pilar, he brought his men to Caloocan, Manila to support theother troops battling the Spaniards there. When the Philippine-American War broke-out on February 1899, del Pilar led his troops to ashort victory over Major Franklin Bell in the first phase of the Battle of Quingua on April 23, 1899, inwhich his forces repelled a cavalry charge and killed the highly respected Colonel John M.Stotsenburg,after whom Clark Air Base was originally named (Fort Stotsenburg).

Gabriela Silang

María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang (March 19, 1731  September 29, 1763) was thewife of the Ilocano insurgent leader, Diego Silang. Following Diego’s assassination in 1763, sheled the group for four months before she was captured and executed.Born in Barangay Caniogan, Santa, Ilocos Sur, Silang was a mestiza, of Spanish andIlocano descent. She was adopted by a very wealthy businessman Tomás Millan, who latermarried her at the age of 20, but died after three years. In 1757, she re-married again, this timeto 27-year-old Ilocano insurgent leader, Diego Silang. The groups goal was to ensure anindependent Ilocos. She became one of his closest advisors, whenever the troops battle,Gabriela always went with them to give support and help with the battle, a major figure in herhusband’s collaboration with the British and the brief expulsion of Spanish officials from Vigan,Ilocos Sur during the British occupation of the Philippines.On May 28, 1763, two of her husbands close friends Miguel Vicos and Pedro Becbecbetrayed them, which resulted to Diegos demise; he was assassinated by order of royal andchurch authorities in Manila. After her husband’s death, she fled on horseback to her uncleNicolás Cariño’s residence in the mountains of Abra.Together with Cariño, and Sebatian Andaya and Manuel Flores, there she regrouped hertroops, and rallied the Tingguian community to fight. Gabrielas troops of 2000 fightersattacked the Spanish in Vigan on September 10, 1763. With a larger number of the Spanishtroops, the 6000 men strong Spanish garrison was ready, with amassing Spanish, Tagalog, andKapampangan soldiers, and Ilocano collaborators recruited from other regions to ambush herand rout her forces.

José Abad Santos

José Abad Santos y Basco (February 19, 1886  May 2, 1942) was the fifth Chief Justiceof the Supreme Court of the Philippines and served as Acting President of the Philippines duringWorld War II. He was executed by Japanese forces during the Japanese occupation of thePhilippines, He is the grandfather of Senator Jamby Madrigal. Abad Santos was born in City of San Fernando, Pampanga to Vicente Abad Santos and Toribia Basco. His brother, Pedro, wouldeventually emerge as a leading socialist leader during the Commonwealth era. In 1904, he wassent to the United States as a government pensionado. He finished a pre-law course at theSanta Clara College in Santa Clara, California; his Bachelor of Laws at Northwestern University inEvanston, Illinois; and his Masters of Laws at George Washington University in 1909. Admittedto the Philippine Bar in 1911, he served as Assistant Attorney at the Bureau of Justice from1913 to 1917 .Abad Santos then served as Chief Counsel of the President of the Philippine Senate andthe Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1926 he went to the United States as head of the Philippine Educational Mission. He was again appointed Secretary of Justice in 1928 and re-appointed on July 1, 1931. In 1932, he became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Hebecame its Chief Justice on December 24, 1941. As part of the emergency reorganization of theCommonwealth government, Abad Santos, in his capacity as Chief Justice, was given theresponsibilities previously handled by the Secretary of Justice (the position of Secretary of Justice was abolished for the duration of the war). Abad Santos accompanied theCommonwealth government to Corregidor, where on December 30, 1941, he administered theoath of office to President Quezon and Vice-President Osmeña for the second term they’d beenelected to in November of that year. He also undertook, with Manuel Roxas, the supervision of the destruction of Commonwealth government currency to prevent its falling into enemyhands.

Rajah Sulayman

Rajah Sulaiman III (15581575, the Rajah (King) of Maynila, a Kapampangan and Tagalogkingdom on the region of the Pasig River in Manila. Along with Rajah Sulaiman II and RajahLakan Dula, he was one of three Rajahs who fought the Spaniards during the colonization of thePhilippines in the 16th century.Spanish documents say his people called him “Rajah Mura” or “Rajah Muda” (a Sanskrittitle for a Prince). The Spanish transcription of “Rajah Mura” is Young Rajah, a reference to thefact that he was Rajah Sulaiman II’s nephew and heir to the throne. The Spaniards called him”Rajah Solimano el Mow”.After making peace with the Spaniards in 1571, Rajah Sulaiman III led a revolt againstthem in 1574, which Philippine historians refer to as the first battle of Manila Bay, but is alsoknown as the Sulaiman revolt…

Andrés Bonifacio

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863  May 10, 1897) was a Filipinonationalist and revolutionary. He was a founder and later the supreme leader of the Katipunanmovement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule andstarted the Philippine Revolution.[1][2] He is considered a de facto national hero of thePhilippines.[3] Bonifacio is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the first presidentof the Philippines, but he is not officially recognized as such.On July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal’s deportation was announced, Bonifacio and othersfounded the Katipunan, or in full, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ngBayan (“Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Country”).The secret societysought independence from Spain through armed revolt. It was influenced by Freemasonrythrough its rituals and organization, and several members aside from Bonifacio were alsoFreemasons. Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym May pag-asa (“There is Hope”).For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. But La LigaFilipina eventually split because less affluent members like Bonifacio lost hope for peacefulreforms, and stopped their monetary aid.Wealthier, more conservative members who stillbelieved in peaceful reforms set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continuedsupport to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[13] FromManila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite,Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.Most of its members, called Katipuneros, came from thelower and middle classes, with many of its local leaders being prominent figures in theirmunicipalities. At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, withBonifacio’s wife Gregoria de Jesús as a leading member.

Apolinario Mabini

Apolinario ‘Poly’ Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864  May 13, 1903) was a Filipinopolitical philosopher and revolutionary who wrote a constitutional plan for the first Philippinerepublic of 1899-1901, and served as its first prime minister in 1899. In Philippine history texts,he is often referred to as “the Sublime Paralytic”, and as “the Brains of the Revolution.” To hisenemies and detractors, he is referred to as the “Dark Chamber of the President.”Believing that the Reform Movement still had a chance to achieve success, Mabini didnot immediately support the revolution of 1896. When José Rizal was executed in Decemberthat year, however, he changed his mind and gave the revolution his wholehearted suppoIn 1898, while vacationing in Los Baños, Laguna, Emilio Aguinaldo sent for him. It tookhundreds of men taking turns carrying his hammock to portage Mabini to Kawit. Aguinaldo,upon seeing Mabini’s physical condition, must have entertained second thoughts in calling forhis help.Mabini was most active in the revolution in 1898, when he served as the chief adviserfor General Aguinaldo. He drafted decrees and crafted the first ever constitution in Asia for theFirst Philippine Republic, including the framework of the revolutionary government which wasimplemented in Malolos in 1899.

________________

Downloads:

Philippine Heroes

http://www.scribd.com/doc/42410581/Rizal-Philippine-National-Hero

Related articles

• Jose Rizal @ 150 (jepoygreen.wordpress.com)
• My Heroes Part 2: Jose Rizal (lapiskamay.wordpress.com)
• Only in The Philippines – Amazing Facts and Trivia( Part 2) (socyberty.com)

History: Jose Rizal

Childhood Years of Rizal

Life and Work of Rizal
*Why do we need to study history?

*How significant is Rizal to our History?

*What is History then?
1. Chronological records of significant events in the past often with explanations of their cause.

2. Record of the past & study of antiquity
3. The reconstruction of the past based on written records, oral history, cultural artifacts, & folk traditions.

4. The interpretative & imaginative study of the surviving records of the past either written or not in order to determine the meaning & scope of human existence

•Kinds of Sources of History
1. Written or Inscribed Sources
A. Marriage cert. E.Books
B. Gov’t records F. Souvenir Programs
C. Hospital Records G. Business Records
D. School Records H. Diaries/magazines & more

2. Oral Or Visual Sources
A. Tools, weapons, utensils D.Old Structures &Landmarks
B. Photographs E. Heirlooms
C. Arts & crafts F. Skeletal Remains
3. Folklore & Oral Literature
4. Oral History Through Interviews

Significance of Studying History
1. Projecting the conditions of given time and space
2. Projecting the future
3. Explaining the causes of thing or events
4. Promotes nationalism &patriotism
5. Bridging the gap between past & present.
Jose Protacioercado Y Alonso Rizal
*What is your initial perception about Rizal?
*What is the best word can you describe about him?
*For 5 minutes go out & select an object that could best represent Rizal & explain how the said object represented Rizal.
Meaning:1. Rizal- a fields where wheat when cut while still green, sprouts again. 2. Mercado- market
Rizal- 7th child of Teodora Alonso Realonda and Francisco Mercado Rizal.
-born June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna.
-baptize in the Catholic Church with Fr. Rufino Collantes as the officiating priest.
-his godfather is Fr. Pedro Cansaňas.
*At the age of three, Rizal learn to read due to the tutorial of his mother.
*His mother taught him to read The Spanish book called the Children’s Friend.
*Being a devoted Catholic his mother named Rizal after St. Joseph.

Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
-Rizal Father was born in Biňan, Laguna.
-He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
-He become tenant farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.
-Rizal fondly called him in his memoire “a model of father.
Mercado-they were having such name because originally their paternal
Ancestors were merchants
Juan Mercado-Francisco’s father thrice becomes mayor of Biňan

Donya Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
-She was educated at the College of Santa Rosa (a well known college for girls in the city during that time.
-It was from Donya Teodora that Rizal inherited his passion in rhetoric and literature.

Lorenzo Alberto Alonso- father Of Teodora deputy for the Phil. in Spanish
Cortes.
Jose Alberto- brother of Teodora who was educated abroad & could speak
various languages.
A knight in the order of Isabel the Catholic
Manuel de Quintos- grandfather of Teodora who become well-known
Lawyer of Manila.

Having educated parents it is main reason why Rizal was also greatly inclined to education and seeking of knowledge.
Paciano who is 10yrs older than him.
-considered by Rizal as the Noblest Filipinos
-one of de la Torre’s young generation s of liberals
-housemate & disciple of Burgos
-Rizal considered him more than a brother and treated him a second father
*Concepcion died at a very young age (3yrs old). Since she was next to Rizal so they were close and her death was considered as the first sorrow of Rizal.
Rizal’s Ancestry:
•On his Paternal side:Rizal’s great great grand father, Domingo Lamco is a Chinese immigrant from Fukien City

•On his maternal side: his great great grand father Eugenio Ursua has Japanese ancestry.

Indication That Rizal’s Family Is Rich…
1. Big Stone House
2. Could afford lavish party
3. Have big &voluminous library
4. Could Hire Aya/maid
5. Have horse carriage
6. Could afford to educate their children

Childhood in Calamba Laguna
•Rizal Rizal had many beautiful childhood memories in his native town. Having a happy home, morally upright parents and scenic and panoramic town is enough to mold him into an upright citizen
• Calamba was a hacienda town, which belonged to the Dominican order. Rizal love his town so much that at the age of 15 he compose a poem that describe and reminisce his youthful years in Calamba. The poem was entitled Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (in Memory of my town)

Earliest Childhood Memories
•Bec Because Rizal was sickly and undersized child, he was given the tenderest care by his parents, His father built a little nipa cottage in the garden for him to play on the daytime. They even employed a kind old woman as an aya (nurse maid) to look after his comfort. His aya also related him stories regarding fairy tales aswang, nuno at tikbalang. •Born Born and bred in a wholesome atmosphere of Catholicism, Rizal grew up a devoted Catholic. He take part in the family prayers read the bible, go to church, take part in novenas and join in any religious activities, at a very young age, he was very serious that he even mock as Manong Jose. He also visits and hears the sound philosophy of Fr. Leoncio Lopez.

Events that awaken Rizal from Spanish brutalities
1. The execution OF GOMBURZA IN Feb 17, 1872
Saldua- the witness who incriminated GomBurza but was also executed
2. The imprisonment of his mother
Don Antonio Vivencio- mayor who arrested his mother as accomplice of
Jose Alberto in poisoning the latter’s wife.
-he later beg Donya Teodora’s forgiveness
Don Francisco Macaida & Manuel Marzano- two famous lawyers of Manila
that defended his mother
Donya Teodora- freed after 2 ½ years in prison
-symbolized the case of Sisa in Noli

Artistic Talents
•Artis Artistic talents can be considered genuine to Rizal. At the age of 5 he began to make sketches with his pencil to would in clay and wax which attracted his fancy. During his boyhood in Calamba, he was requested by the mayor to paint the spoil religious banner. He painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the town’s folk because it was better than the original. •Ther There is an interesting anecdote about Rizal: (One day when he was about six years old his sister laugh at him for spending so much time making those images rather than participating in their games. He answer them “All right laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me.

Poetic Inclination
•Sinc Since early boyhood, Rizal often scribbled verses on loose sheets of paper on the textbook of his sister, Donya Teodora, who is a lover of literature notice this inclination an d encourage him to write poetry. •It w It was in his Mother that Rizal inherited his passion in poetry. That’s why, through the guidance of his mother, he was able to write his first poem at the age of 8. The poem was all about the love of native language and it was entitled “Sa Aking Mga Kabata / to My Fellow Children)”

At the age of 8 Rizal was also able to wrote his first dramatic work which was a tagalong comedy, It was stage in Calamba festival a Goberndorcillo from Paete happen to witness it. He like it so much that he purchased the manuscript and stage it in Paete during its town fiesta.
•In At In Ateneo, fr. Villaclara urge him to stop communing w/ the muses
But it was Fr. Sanchez who inspire him to continue writing.

*****

Early Education of Rizal

Early Education in Calamba and Biňan
•Riza Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. His mom taught him the alphabet and prayers even at the age of three. But as Rizal grow older, his parents employed a private tutors to give him lesson at home. His first formal teachers were;
1. Lucas Padua
2. Celestino
3. Leon Monroy

By June 1869 Paciano enrolled to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In Biňan Rizal’s painting was greatly develop because he spent much of his time to the studio of Juancho, an old painter who is also the father in law Justiniano Aquino Cruz. Although Rizal learn a lot in Biňan yet he don’t have a happy life in Biňan There are a lot of boys who bully him esp. those who got jealous of his academic excellence, that’s why Rizal was so relief when he was allowed by his parents to go home. At last by Dec. 17, 1870 after a year and a half of schooling, he left Biňan.
•Pedr Pedro-son of Justiniano who always bully Rizal
Leandro-a nuisance grandson of his aunt in Biňan
Margarita-Rizal’s spinster cousin in Biňan
Arcadia-a young tomboy niece in Biňan who treated him like real brother

*How was the change of environment develop Rizal’s nationalism?
*Cite anything that would illustrate how Rizal’s nationalism was develop.

*How effective was the educational system of Ateneo?

Activity A:
1.Form 2 groups composed of 3 members each group
2.Group A should fill in one row in the left side of the TIC –TAC- TOE w/ letter “J”
3.Group B should fill in one row in the right side of the TIC-TAC-TOE w/ letter “R”

Activity B:
1.Form 2 groups w/ 5 members each group
2.Each group should fill in one line of the TIC-TAC-TOE either vertically, horizontally, or diagonally.
3.The first group to accomplished the TIC-TAC-TOE will receive a prize.

Scholastic triumphs at Ateneo de Manila
•On J June 10, 1872- Rizal went to Manila & took the entrance exam on Christian Doctrine, Latin & reading at San Juan de Letran. But when he go back to Manila, his father who want him to study in Letran decided to enroll Rizal in Ateneo.
•Aten Ateneo was formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity
School), a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817. The Jesuit was expelled from the Phil in 1768. When they returned Manila in 1859, they were given mgt of Ateneo Municipal which later become Ateneo de Manila. The Jesuit are explended educator that Ateneo acquire prestige as excellent college for boys.
•At 1 1st , the college registrar of Ateneo, Fr. Magin Fernando was hesitant to admit Rizal for two reasons:
•He was late in registration
•He l took sickly & undersized for his age.
•But through the help of Xerxes Burgos, nephew of Fr. Burgos, Rizal was admitted in Ateneo.

Advantages of Jesuits Educational System:
1.More advance than other colleges during that time
2. train the student by rigid discipline &religious instruction
3. stimulated the intellectual capacity of the student by healthy competition

Two Groups of Students in Ateneo:
1. Roman Empire-interno/boarder; w/red banner
2. Carthaginian Empire-externo/ non-boarder; blue banner

Ranks of Students in an Empire
1. Emperor
2.Tribune
3. Decurion
4. Centurion
5. Standard Bearer

*Aside from the rank in each group, the two groups, were also in constant competition for supremacy, in the class. Each group has a banner and will be place on different parts of their room defending on their number of wins and once group will be defeating for several times, the bsanner will be change with a figure of a donkey.
*Although Rizal admires the System of Ateneo yet it was here where he start to feel the discrimination of the Indio. The racial discrimination intensifies his desire to excel in his scholastic performance.

*Rizal’s first Professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech, As a new comer Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class under the Carthaginians since he was non-boarder or externo. But at the end of the month, he became the “emperor” or the brightest pupil in the whole class.

*During their vacant time Rizal took private lessons in sta. Isabel College, on Spanish. Making him well verse in Spanish. But during the 2nd of Rizal’s 1st year in Ateneo

*He wasn’t able to maintain he academic supremacy because he resented some remarks of his professor. Likewise, the imprisonment of his mother affected his academic performance.
During
his 2nd year in Ateneo, Rizal has several new classmate and during this time he was able to regain his class leadership as emperor and receive a gold medal, during summer, Rizal visited his mother and it was this them when Rizal made a prophecy that he’s mother would be release within three months. And the prophecy was true because barely three months pass, Donya Teodora was set free.

Teenage Interest in Reading
•Summer in1874, Rizal began to take interest in reading novels & books such as the:
1.Count of Monte Cristo- by Alexander Dumas
2. Universal History by Cesar Cantu
3.Travels in the Phil. by Feodor Jagor, a German scientist & traveler who visited the Phil. in 1859-1860.

Rizal was impressed in Jagor’s account due to:
A. Jagor’s keen observation of the defects of Spanish colonization.
B. Jagor’s prophecy that Spain would lose Phil. & America would come to succeed her as colonizer.

•In his Third year in Ateneo is not as good as his previous years. However, all her grades are excellent but he got only one medal.• •4th year in Ateneo: Rizal become an interno & one of his Professor in this year is Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a great educator & Scholar who inspired young Rizal to Study harder & write poetry. He becomes admirer of Rizal while Rizal considers him as best teacher in Ateneo. Rizal described him in his memoirs as the “model of of uprightness, earnestness & love for the advancement of his pupils“. Inspired by father Sanchez, Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects & won 5 medals at the end of the
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
•Because Rizal become the most brilliant Atenian of his time, he was truly pride of the Jesuits •He o obtained highest grades in all his subjects •Mar March 23, 1877- the Commencement Day of Rizal in Ateneo where he finish the degree if Bachelor of Arts with high honor.
Extracurricular Activities
•Congregation of Mary •Apo Apostleship of prayer •Aca Academy of Science Literature •AcaAcademy of Natural Science
Agustine Saez- teacher in painting
Romualdo de Jesus- teacher in sculpture

Image of Virgin Mary- Sculptural work of Rizal carved on a piece of
Batikuling.
-made by Rizal upon the request of Fr. Lleonart
St. Eustace, the Martyr- dramatic work of Rizal in Ateneo upon the request of Fr. Sanchez.

Segunda Katigbak- boardmate of Olympia who become 1st love of Rizal at the age of 16. They studied at Colegio de La Concordia
but the romance did not bloom because she was engage to her
Uncle, Manuel Luz.

Mariano Katigbak-brother of Segunda who is a friend of Rizal
Don Francisco & Paciano wanted Rizal to pursue higher ladder of learning
Donya Teodora opposed Rizal’s further education because she is afraid that Rizal might will be beheaded by the Spanish authority.
April 1877- Rizal matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas

Reasons Why Rizal Took Up Philosophy & Letters
1. He is not certain as to what course to take
2. His father like it

Reason For Taking Medicine
1. It is the advise of the Rector of Ateneo
2. He wanted to cure his mother

Whil e studying in UST, Rizal also took up vocational course leading ti Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor).He excelled in all his subject & obtained gold medal in Agriculture & topography. He passed the exam in surveying but his title was issued only in Nov. 25, 1881 since he was underage at that time.
Romances W/ other Girls
Inspite of his busy schedule, Rizal has still time for love
1. Miss L- a lady in Calamba but the romance died out because his father don’t like the family of Ms. L
2.Leonor Valenzuela (Orang)- from Pagsanhan, Laguna
-Rizal used to sent to her love notes using invisible ink
& taught the technique of reading the notes.
3. Leonor Rivera- Rizal’s 1st cousin from Camiling, Laguna
- beautiful daughter of Antonio Rivera, landlord-uncle of
Rizal in Casa Tomasina. Rizal & Leonor become engage. In
Her letter to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as Taimis in
Order to conceal her identity from their parents & friends.

Three Most Cherished Girlfriends of Rizal
1. Leonor Rivera
2. Seiko-usui
3. Josephine Bracken

While Rizal was still a student of Ateneo, he won a prize in writing a poem entitled “A La Juventud Filipina” ( To the Filipino Youth). This contest
was sponsored by the Liceo Artistico Literario (Artistic- Literary Lyceum. This contest is intended for the natives & mestizo & the prize won by Rizal is a silver pen.

1880-Riza’s El Consejo De Los Dioses won a bust of Cervantes..This contest was sponsored by Liceo-Artistico
Companerismo-Organization established by Rizal in UST
-Members were called Companion of Jehu.

*****

Rizal in UST & His Travel Abroad

Reasons Why Rizal Hate UST
1. Filipino Students are racially discriminated
2. Dominican Friars are hostile to him
3. The educational system are obsolete and repressive

Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics)- part of Fili that illustrate how Filipino students are discriminated as in the case of Placido Penitente

After finishing the 4th year medical course in UST, Rizal decided to go abroad to fulfill his secret mission.

Secret Mission:
To observed keenly the life & culture, Language & customs, industries & commerce, & government & laws of European nation in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from the Spanish tyrants.
People Who Know About the Plan Departure of Rizal…
1. Lucia. Neneng, Paciano
2. Mateo Evangelista. Jose maria cecilio “Chenggoy”, Pedro Paterno
3. Antonio Rivera, valenzuela Family, Jesuit Fathers
Jose Mercado- a cousin from Biňan
-identity used by Rizal to maintain the secrecy of his departure.

May3, 1882- Rizal departed Phil. w/ the 356 php & boarded on a ship
Salvadora w/ 16 Passengers. Saturnina gave him ring to be pawn in cases ha needed money.

May 9,1882- Rizal reached Singapore. He observe has flourishing culture &
Trade. In Singapore, he stayed at de la Paz Hotel.

May 11,1882- he boarded in Djenmah from Singapore

May 17, 1882- reached Ceylon(Sri-Lanka)- he has an impression that the
Place is lonely, quiet & sad. From Colombo, the next stopover of
Rizal is in Suez Canal ( made by Ferdinand de Lesseps).

Rizal landed in Italy & visited Mt. Vesuvius & Castle of Selmo. Then, he went to Marseilles, France where he visited the Chateau d’if & finally proceed to Barcelona.

June 16, 1882- Rizal arrived in Barcelona, the 2nd largest city of Spain.

Rizal has bad impression of Barcelona because he happened to stay on the most ugly side of the City. Later, he changes his perception about the city & come to like the city due to its freer & liberal environment.
Las Ramblas St.- most famous street in Barcelona where Rizal enjoy Promenading.
Plaza de Cataluňa- Rizal was given party by his former classmates in Ateneo Rizal noticed that the Filipinos in Spain are extravagant & vicious.Amor Propio- an essay written by Rizal in Barcelona. He send it to Teodoro Moran & published in Diariong Tagalog, the 1st bilingual newspaper in Manila. The Publisher was so impressed that he urged Rizal to write another article. Rizal wrote another article entitled Los Viajes.

Bad News Receive by Rizal In Barcelona
•Cholera that ravage Manila & cuase the death of his brother-in-law
•Leonor Rivera becomes thinner & thinner due to the absence of Rizal.

Rizal Decided to transfer in Madrid due to ff.
•To heed the advice of Paciano •To take medical course in the capital of Spain
•Madrid is the political, economic, cultural, & social center of Spain
Rizal enrolled two courses in Universidad Central de Madrid
•Medicine •Philosophy & Letters
*Rizal also studied painting/ sculpture in Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando. & took private lessons in French, German, & English.
*He also practice Fencing & shooting in Hall of Arms of Sanz Y Carbonnell. In Phil. Rizal learned fencing from his Tio Manuel.

Rizal lived a Spartan life in Madrid. He is frugal in spending his money. He never wasted his money on gambling, wine, & woman like the other Filipino in Madrid but he got addicted in lottery. He spend most of his time in reading, writing & reunion w/ other Fiipino in the house of Paterno brothers.

Romance w/ Conzuelo
Conzuelo- is the daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga Y Perez, former Mayor of Manila. She was fascinated of Rizal’s splendid talent & noble character.

•Rizal made a poem for her entitled “ A La Seňorita C.O. y P. but
Before their closeness blossom into love, he back out for two reasons:
1. He was still engage to Leonor Rivera
2. Eduardo de Lete was madly in love w/ Conzuelo.

1882- Rizal joined the Circulo-Hispano Filipino, a society of Spaniards &
Filipino.
Filipinos in Madrid:
1. Pedro Alejandro Paterno
2. Gregorio Sancianco-published in1881 Treaties on Phil. Progress, a
Collection of economic, political, & administrative studies.
3. Juan Luna- high seas pilot turn painter
4. Melecio Figueroa- engraver
5. Felix R. Hidalgo- paintor
6. Manuael Zaragoza
7. Esteban Villanueva
8. Graciano Lopez-Jaena-
9. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Spolarium of Juan Luna-depicting fallen gladiator & Christians Virgins
Exposed to the Mobs of Hidalgo won in Paris Exhibition
Pedro Paterno- author of novel Ninay & Sampaguita
Juan Atayde-moving spirit of Circulo-Hispano Filipino

1883- for the 1st time Rizal visited the tourist spots in Paris & concluded that Paris is one of the most expensive cities of Europe.
Three Costliest Cities in the World
•Paris, France •New York, US •Tokyo, Japan
*Rizal joined in Masonry in Europe. He enter in Lodge Acacia & later in lodge Solidaridad & become a master Mason in Nov. 15, 1890.
Spanish Liberals in Spain
•Miguel Morayta- statesman, professor, historian, & writer.
•Francisco Pi y Margal- journalist, statesman, & former President of short-lived Spanish republic. •Emilio Junoy- Journalist & member of Spanish Cortes •Juan Ruiz Zorilla- former parliamentarian
Financial Worries due to:
•Cheap price of sugar in world market •Failure of farm production due to locust
Nov. 20-22, 1884- Rizal was involved in demonstration in Spain.

*Rizal finished his degree of Licentiate in medicine in the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884 but he was not awarded the diploma because:
•He did not present his thesis •He did not pay the corresponding pay
*Rizal also finished Philosophy & Letters & was awarded w/ degree of Licentiate in Philosophy & Letters by Universidad Central de Madrid w/ excellent rating
*Rizal went to Paris to specialized eye treatment
*In Berlin, Rizal top German Scientist like:
•Dr. Feodor Jagor 3. Dr. Hans Meyer •Dr. Adolf Meyer 4. Dr. Rudolf Virchow
Paris:
*Rizal work as assistant of Louis de Weckert, leading ophthalmology in France.
Germany:
*Rizal work under top German Opthamologist, Otto Becker

Feb. 3, 1886-Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany
Dr. Karl Ullmer- a pastor who become good friend of Rizal
July 3, 1886- Rizal wrote his 1st letter to Blumentritt
Ferdinand Blumentritt-Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria
-An Austrian ethnologist who are interested in Phil. languages
-become bestfriend of Rizal
Aritmetica- book given by Rizal to Blumentritt
-written by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez & publish in Spanish & English.
Aug. 14, 1886- Rizal arrived in Leipzig & able to know:
1.Prof. Friedrich Ratzel- famous German Historian
2.Dr. Hans Meyer-German anthropologist

In Europe Rizal met:
1. Adolf Meyer, the Director Of Anthropological &ethnographic Museum
2. Dr. Joest-German Geographer
3. Rudolf Virchow-German Anthropologist
4. Hans Virchow-Son of Rudolf; Prof. of Descriptive Anatomy
5. Karl Earnest Shweigger-famost German Opthalmologist
6. Feodor Jagor-German Scientest Traveller; Author of Travels in The Philippines that foretells the downfall of Spain &the coming of America

Reasons Why Rizal LOve Europe
1. Absence of Racial Prejudice
2. Rich scientific atmosphere
*Jagor & Meyer recommended Rizal to become member of Anthropological & ethnological Society.
*Virchow-invited Rizal to give lecture before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin.
Rizal Stayed Longer In Berlin
1. To published his Noli
2. Associate w/ German Scientest
3. To Study further opthalmology
4. To observe the economic and political situation of Germany
5. To study science and other languages…

*Rizal took private lessons in Languages under Professor of French, Madame Lucie Cerdole.
*In his letter to Trinidad, Rizal has high regard & admiration to German Woman because they are serious, diligent, educated, &friendly.
Two German Culture That Greatly Fascinate Rizal
1. Chrismas Celebration
2. Self Introduction of a Visitor in a party

Rizal’s darkest winter in Berlin (1886)
-he lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba
-he already pawn Saturnina’s ring
-He ate only once a day, & satisfy himself w/ bread & water or cheap soup.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin- written by Harriet Beecher
-portrays the pathetic condition of the unfortunate Negroes & the brutalities of the American slave owners.
-inspire Rizal to write novel that would depict the miseries of the Filipino under the Spaniards.

*During the reunion of Filipinos in 1884 at Paterno’s house, they plan to write novel but it was not materialized because almost all are interested to write about women.

*1884-he began writing the novel in Madrid, Paris & finally finished it in Germany.

Maximo Viola- lend Rizal money for the printing of he Noli

Elias & Salome- the deleted chapter of the Noli to minimize the printing Expenses.

Berlier-Buchdrukrei-Action-Gesselschaft
-printing shop w/c charge 300 for the 2000 copies of Noli

*While observing the life of the people in Germany & searching for cheap printing press, Rizal was suspected as French spy
.After the copies of the Noli released, Rizal sent coies to:
1. BLUMENTRITT 4. Mariano ponce
2. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor 5. Felix R. Hidalgo
3. Lopez-Jaena
*As a signed of gratitude to Viola, he give the original copy of this work w/ an inscription: “ To my dear Friend, M. Viola, who first Read & Appreciate My work”

May 13, 1887- Rizal’s 1st meeting w/ Blumentritt
Rosa- Blumentritt’s wife
Blumentritt’s ChIldren were: Conrad, Dolores, & Fritz.
*For 11 months, Rizal learned to speak German.
* After visiting Blumentritt, he tour the whole Europe.
*After his travel in Europe & more than five years stay Rizal decided to went Home.
People Who Oppose Rizal’s Plan of Going Home…
1. Paciano
2. Chenggoy
3. Silvestre Ubaldo-brother in Law

Reasons Why Rizal Wanted To Go Home
1. To inquire why Leonor Rivera remain silent
2. To operate his mother’s eye
3. To serve his people who has been long oppressed by the Spaniards
4. To find out how the Noli affected the Spaniards

July 3, 1887- Rizal boarded on Djemnah going back to the Phil.
Aug. 5, 1887- arrived Manila
Aug. 8, 1887- Reached Calamba
Rizal’s accomplishment in Calamba;
1. Established a medical clinic
Donya Teodora- his 1st patient
Dr. Uliman- he was called as such because he came from Germany. In fact, he was suspected as spy of Rizal.
2. Open gymnasium for young folks where he introduced European sports such as gymnastics, fencing, & shooting to discourage them from gambling
3. Actively participate in town’s activity such as landscaping & translated German poem into Tagalog.

Gen, Emilio Terrero-called Rizal to Malacaňang due to his Noli
*Upon his visit to Manila, he visited his former teachers in Ateneo
•Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez •Fr. Jose Bech •Fr. Faura- Prophecied that Rizal might lose his head because of the Noli
Terrero- was convinced & satisfied of Rizal’s explanation. He assigned guard for Rizal.
Jose Taviel De Andrade- young lieutenant who became guard & buddy of Rizal.
-come from a noble family & shared a lot of common traits w/ Rizal such as:
•Being cultured •Painting talent
A linguist who could speak English, Spanish, & French

Rizal’s powerful enemy who insist that his novel is subversive:
1. Msgr. Pedro Payo- archbishop of Manila
-He sent copy to the Board of Censor & the committee found out that the novel is:
a. heretic, impious, & scandalous in the religious orders
b. anti-patriotic & subversive to public order
c. injurious to the Spanish government.

*But Terrero knew that the Dominicans were bias against Rizal
2. Father Salvador Font-head of the Permanent Commission of Censorship that recommended that importation, reproduction, & Circulation of Noli is Absolutely prohibited.

*While Rizal was in Calamba, a genuine friendship blossom between him & Andrade. But the happy days of Rizal in Calamba was marred by:
1. Death of his older sister, Olympia
2. The groundless tales that circulated that he is a German spy, agent of Bismarck, witch, mason, protestant, and a sound beyond salvation.

Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble
*When the lands of the Dominican Friars in Calamba was investigated by the government, it was Rizal who urge the people to list their grievances.

*Rizal received various threats from his enemies. They even convince Terrero to deport Rizal. But the latter refused. However, he advised Rizal to leave because he could not guarantee Rizal’s safety.

Reasons Why Rizal Left Philippines
1. His presence in Calamba might jeopardized the safety of his relatives and friends
2. He could fight better in foreign country

Hymn to Labor- a poem written by Rizal before he left Calamba upon the Request of his friend from Lipa, Batangas.
-it stressed the importance of economy in the stability of the country.
Feb. 3, 1888-Rizal left for Hong Kong after 6 months stayed in Calamba
*He was welcome by Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong such as:
1. Jose Maria. Basa
2. Balbino Mauricio
3. Manuel Yriarte
Jose Sainz De Varanda- former secretary of Terrero who shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong.
-commission by the Spaniards to spy Rizal’s activity
*In Hong Kong, Rizal studied Chinese life, language, drama, & customes.

Japan-land of Cherry Blossoms
-Rizal stayed here for almost 1.5 years
-He stayed Japan for several reasons
1. He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan
2. He was fascinated by the different shrines of Japan
3. He was enchanted by the charming manner of Japan
4. He fall in love with Seiko-Usui

Feb. 28, 1888-arrived in Yokohama & stayed in Grand Hotel
Juan Perez Caballero-secretary of Spanish legation who invited Rizal to stay at Spanish Legation.
-he was instructed to monitor Rizal’s activity

Reason Why Rizal Stayed in Spanish Litigation
1. to economized
2. to show the Spaniards that he hide nothing

While in Japan, Rizal studied Japanese drama, arts, music, & judo. He loves everything about Japan except the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaw drawn by men

Seiko-Usei=served as guide & tutor of Rizal in Japanese language
-a 23 yrs old Samurai daughter
-more than sweet*heart, she served as Rizal’s guide & interpreter but their happy moments was cut short due to his responsibility of redeeming his people against the tyrants.

April 13, 1888- Rizal bound for US boarding on Belgic
*Rizal’s happy interlude in Japan lasted for 45 days

*Due to Seiko-Usei’s great love for Rizal, she married only in 1897 to a British teacher in Tokyo, named Alfred Charlton & they got daughter named, Yukiro.
Tetcho Suehiro- fellow passenger of Rizal in Belgic
-become good friend & admirer of Rizal
-a fighting Japanese novelist & champion of human rights
April 28, 1888-Rizal for the first time saw America
*Rizal observed that the liberty for the Americans is only for the whites
-he was disappointed for the lack of racial equality in America.
*After visiting America, Rizal decide to proceed in London
Why Rizal Ztayed in London
1. To annotate Morga’s work
2. London is the safest place to carry out his fight
3. To improve his knowledge in English language
Rizal’s Various Activity in London
1. Engage various correspondence with Relatives and Friends
2.Annotate the work of Morga
3. Romance w/ Gertrude Becketts
4. Engage in Filipiniana study
5. Contributed various articles in Soli
Dr. Antonio M. Regidor- a lawyer exile in 1872
-Rizal stayed w/ them for several weeks
*In London, Rizal boarded w/ Beckett family
Gertrude, Gettie, Tottie- daughter of Beckett who has intimate relation w/ Rizal.
Reinhold Rost-librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
-authority in Malayan Languages & customs

Bad News Received By Rizal From LOndon
1. Furious attack on Rizal’s novel by Senator Salamanca, Vida,Wenceslao Retana & Pablo Feced
2. A friend of Rizal, Laureano Viado was imprison because a copy of Noli was recovered from his house.
3. Persecution of the Patriots who signed the anti-friar Petition
4. The exile of Manuel Hidalgo(brother-in-law) to Bohol
5.Persecution of Calamba tenant

*****

Nationalism in Rizal’s Poetry

*****

Nationalism in Rizal’s Prose

*****

Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo

*****

Rizal’Life In Dapitan

*****

The Long Last Day of Rizal

——————-

Images of Jose Rizal:

Rizal at age 11

Rizal at age 16

Rizal at 18 years old while a student of

medicine at the U.S.T

Rizal in Madrid at the age of 25

Rizal at age 35

_______________________

More info at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal

Downloads:

Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch

Jose Rizal: Trial and Execution

Dr. José Rizal

Rizal’s Influence on the Youth in 150 years and Beyond

The Last Poem of Rizal

The Last Poem of Rizal

His friend Mariano Ponce gave it the title of MI ULTIMO ADIOS, as it originally had none Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed, Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost, With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed; And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best, I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.On the fields of battle, in the fury of fight, Others give you their lives without pain or hesitancy, The place does not matter: cypress laurel, lily white, Scaffold, open field, conflict or martyrdom’s site, It is the same if asked by home and Country. I die as I see tints on the sky b’gin to show And at last announce the day, after a gloomy night; If you need a hue to dye your matutinal glow, Pour my blood and at the right moment spread it so, And gild it with a reflection of your nascent light! My dreams, when scarcely a lad adolescent, My dreams when already a youth, full of vigor to attain, Were to see you, gem of the sea of the Orient, Your dark eyes dry, smooth brow held to a high plane Without frown, without wrinkles and of shame without stain. My life’s fancy, my ardent, passionate desire, Hail! Cries out the soul to you, that will soon part from thee; Hail! How sweet ’tis to fall that fullness you may acquire; To die to give you life, ‘neath your skies to expire, And in your mystic land to sleep through eternity! If over my tomb some day, you would see blow, A simple humble flow’r amidst thick grasses, Bring it up to your lips and kiss my soul so, And under the cold tomb, I may feel on my brow, Warmth of your breath, a whiff of your tenderness. Let the moon with soft, gentle light me descry, Let the dawn send forth its fleeting, brilliant light, In murmurs grave allow the wind to sigh, And should a bird descend on my cross and alight, Let the bird intone a song of peace o’er my site. Let the burning sun the raindrops vaporize And with my clamor behind return pure to the sky; Let a friend shed tears over my early demise; And on quiet afternoons when one prays for me on high, Pray too, oh, my Motherland, that in God may rest I. Pray thee for all the hapless who have died, For all those who unequalled torments have undergone; For our poor mothers who in bitterness have cried; For orphans, widows and captives to tortures were shied, And pray too that you may see your own redemption. And when the dark night wraps the cemet’ry And only the dead to vigil there are left alone, Don’t disturb their repose, don’t disturb the mystery: If you hear the sounds of cittern or psaltery, It is I, dear Country, who, a song t’you intone. And when my grave by all is no more remembered, With neither cross nor stone to mark its place, Let it be plowed by man, with spade let it be scattered And my ashes ere to nothingness are restored, Let them turn to dust to cover your earthly space. Then it doesn’t matter that you should forget me: Your atmosphere, your skies, your vales I’ll sweep; Vibrant and clear note to your ears I shall be: Aroma, light, hues, murmur, song, moanings deep, Constantly repeating the essence of the faith I keep. My idolized Country, for whom I most gravely pine, Dear Philippines, to my last goodbye, oh, harken There I leave all: my parents, loves of mine, I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen Where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign. Farewell, parents, brothers, beloved by me, Friends of my childhood, in the home distressed; Give thanks that now I rest from the wearisome day; Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, who brightened my way; Farewell, to all I love. To die is to rest.

http://www.joserizal.ph/pm03.html

Jose Rizal webpages

The Life and Writings of Dr. Jose Rizal

Jose Rizal Website by Jose Rizal University

Rizal: The Tagalog Hamlet

Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal
Lahat ng sásabihin tungkól sa dakilang Bayaning itó ay nasabi na ng mga lalong Pantás at mga Dalubhasang tao ng sansinukuban, pagkápalibhasà ay nápatangi siyá ng gayón na lamang sa lahát ng Bayaning sumipót dito sa Pilipinas at siyá’y nápabilang sa mga dakilang Bayani ng sangkatauhan.

Lahát ng paraán ay sinikap ng kanyáng mga kapanahón upáng siyá’y manatili sa pusò ng madlâ.

Sa lalong mababang halagáng selyo, ang kanyáng larawan ay nároroón upáng ang kanyáng aláala ay huwag máliblib sa lalong katagutaguang nayon at kaabáabaang buhay na dî makapagingat ng isáng larawan niyáng nakapagbibigay siglá sa mga pusong lumálamlám sa pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupà.

Si Gat Rizal ay pinarangalán din ng Pámahalaán natin na taglayin ng salaping papel na dadalawahing piso ang kanyáng larawan, upáng magpalipatlipat sa mga kamáy ng lahát ng naninirahan dito sa ating lupain at sa labás man, na makapagingat ng salaping yaón na nákikilala sa tawag na «isáng Rizal».

Mg̃a aklát na násusulat halos sa lahát ng wikà ang iniukol sa kanyang karangalan. Isáng malaking bantayog na pinaggugulan ng salapî ng ating Pámahalaán ang sa gitnâ ng Luneta ay nagpápaalala ng kanyáng kagitingan. Ang kanyáng pangalan ay kilalá ng lahát ng pilipino, pinipintuhò at pinarárangalan sa ating Kapuluán ng banyagà at kababayan man, ng batà at ng matandâ, ng Pantás at ng hangál; ng puhunan at ng paggawâ; at sa ibang lupaín ay pinaúunlakán din ng lahát ng pilipino sa kanyáng dakilang araw, sa araw na ang kanyáng buhay ay kinitil ng kalupitan.

Sumilang si Gat José Rizal niyaóng iká 19 ng Hunyo ng taóng 1861, sa bayan ng Kalambâ, Laguna, at siyá’y anák ni G. Francisco at ni Gng. Teodora Alonso.

Anák sa bayang Tagalog at liping Tagalog na tunay, kayá’t ang pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupà ay kalangkáp ng kanyáng pagkátao. Aral sa táhanan, sa pagtuturò ng mga magulang na nagnasang magmulat ng kanyáng bait sapól sa pagkámusmós, ay nagawâ sa kanyáng murang bait ang gulang na siyam na taón pa lamáng ay makalikhâ na ng isáng dulà na kinagiliwan ng Kápitan sa bayan.

Sa kanugnóg na bayan ng Binyáng ay nagáral siyá kay G. Justiniano Aquino at Cruz at sa loób lamang ng iláng buwan ay walâ nang máiturò sa kanyá ang Gurong Bayan, yamang nátutuhan na niyáng lahát ang nálalaman noón kayá’t nang Hunyo, ng taón 1872 ay lumipat siyá sa San Juan de Letrán, nguni’t dî siyá náwili rito, kayá’t lumipat agád sa Páaralán ng mga Hesuita hanggáng sa tinamó niyá ang katibayan ng pagká «Bachiller en Artes».

Lumipat siyá sa Universidad de Sto. Tomás, upáng magáral ng «Filosofia» «Medicina» at «Agrimensura» at yamang nápansín niyáng hindî mabuti ang tingín sa kanyá ng mga Guró doón, at sa payo ng kanyáng mga kaibigan, niyaóng Mayo ng taóng 1882 ay lumayag siyáng patungo sa Europa, pagkatapos niyáng tamuhín ang katibayang pagká «Agrimensor».

Dumáan siyá sa Singapur, Kanal ng Sues, at sa Marselya siyá lumunsád, at buhat doón ay napatungo sa Barselona na kinakilalanan niyá sa mga kalupaíng dóroón. Tumungo siyá sa Madrid at sa «Universidad Central» doón, ay nagpatuloy siyá ng pagáaral ng «Medicina», «Literatura» at «Filosofia»; kasaliw ng pagáaral niyá ng mga karunungang nábangít ay dî niyá napaglabanan ang hilig ng kanyáng diwà sa sining, kayá’t nagáral din siyá ng Paglililok (escultura) at ng pagkuha ng larawan sa pamamagitan ng lápis at ng kulay na lubhâ niyáng ikinatangî.

Pagkátapos niyáng tamuhin ang mga katibayan sa «Medicina», «Filosofia» at «Literatura» niyaóng taóng 1885 ay lumipat siyá sa Paris na kanyáng kinátagpuán sa mga kalupaing Antonio at José Luna, at Pardo de Tavera; buhat sa Fransiya ay lumipat siyá sa Alemanya upáng makinyíg ng mga bantóg na Panayám sa «Universidad de Heidelberg»: lumipat siyá sa Berlin at sa bayang itó niyá tinapos ang waláng kamatayang «Noli».

Si Dr. Jagor sa Berlin na masikháy na sumuysóy ng mga kapakanán sa Pilipinas ay nakátagpô sa ating Rizal, ng isáng mabutíng kaibigan. Buhat sa Berlin ay lumipat si Rizal sa Austria at dito niyá nakaniíg si Prof. Blumentritt; mulâ sa bayang itó ay napatungo siyá sa Italya. Dito niya isinalin sa Tagalog ang «Wilhem Tell» at saká umwî dito sa Pilipinas.

Si Rizal ay mawilihin sa pagáaral ng wikà, at itó ang sanhî ng kanyáng pagliklík sa lahát halos ng mga Pangulong bayan sa Europa, at nang siyá’y dumatíng dito sa ating lupaín, upáng harapín ang panggagamót ay nagsásalitâ na siyá ng halos lahát ng wikáng lináng sa Europa at Asia.

Noóng 1888 ay ninasang mulíng maglakbáy sa mga ibáng dako ng sansinukob at siyá’y dumaán sa Hongkóng na kanyáng kinátagpuán sa dakilang Tagalog doón na si Ginoóng José Basa; pagdaán sa Hapón, upáng pagáralan sa sariling lupà ang wikang Hapón, dumaán sa Amérika, bago nagtulóy sa Inglaterra at sa bayang itò nákaniíg si G. Antonio Ma. Regidor. Sa Londres at sa bahay ni G. Regidor niyá isinalin at tinuligsà ang Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas na sinulat ni Pari Morga, na lubhà niyáng ikinabantóg sa panitikan.

Iká 9 ng Nobyembre ng taóng 1887 nang sulatin ni Profesor Blumentritt ang páunang salitâ sa «Morga» ni Dr. Rizal.

Sa pánitikan ay may isá siyáng mainam na bakás na naiiwan sa bawa’t panahón. Bilang páuná ng kanyáng panunulat ay násabi na namin na siyam na taón pa lamang ang kanyáng gulang nang sumulat ng isáng dulà na noón pa ma’y kinábakasán na ng dì karaniwang indayog ng kanyáng diwà. Niyaóng 1887 na magdaos ng isáng Timpalák ang «Licco Artístico Literario» dito sa Maynilà na sinalihan ng lubháng maraming mánunulat ay nápili at nagtagumpáy ang kanyáng tulà na may pamagat na «A la Juventud Filipina». Sa kapanahunang si Rizal ay nagáaral pa sa Ateneo sa pagpaparangál sa Mahal na Birhen ay sumulat siyá ng isáng dulà na pinamagatán niyáng «Junto Al Pasig», na lubháng kinágiliwan ng nangagsipanoód na pawang dalubhasá. Sa Timpalák na idinaos sa pagpaparangál sa ikáapat na raang taóng ikinamatáy ni Cervantes, ay nagtagumpáy ang titik ni Rizal na may pamagát na El Concejo de Los Dioses. Sa Madrid ay nagkaroón ng ibáng himíg ang kanyáng mga sulat at dito na nga nábunyáng ang tunay na pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupà.

Ang kanyáng «Noli» ay sinimulán niyáng sulatin sa Madrid at natapos sa Austria, ang «Filibusterismo» ay sinulat niya sa Ghert Olanda, noóng 1891.

Hulyo iká 3 ng taóng 1892 nang nagpulong sa bahay ni G. Doroteo Ongjungco sa daang Ilaya blg. 176 Tundó tungkól sa «Liga Filipina» at iká 6 ng Hulyo ng 1892 nang ipinadakíp ni Henerál Eulogio. Despujol at ipapiit sa Fuerza Santiago.

Niyaóng iká 11 ng Pebrero ng 1893 ay itinatag ni Dr. Rizal ang «Liga Filipina» isáng kapisanang pilipino na pinagukulan ni Mabini ng gayaríng katagâ: «Nang makitang ang lahát ng sikáp ay waláng tarós at salát sa kaayusan, at di nagbibigay ng katampatang wakasin, ay linikhâ ni Rizal ang Liga Filipina».

Nang si Rizal ay ipatapon sa Dapitan siyá’y nagsaka doón at nagtayô ng Páaralán sa mga tagaroón; kahit iisang igláp ay hindî siyá nátahimik at pawáng iniukol sa kabutihan ang kanyáng mga gawâ. Ang mga maysakit doón ay nakatagpò sa kanyá ng isáng waláng bayad na Manggamot.

Samantaláng siyá’y nároroón ay isáng amerikanong nagngangalang Taufer na kasama ng isáng anakanakan na nagngangalang Josefina Bracken ay dumalaw sa kanyá, upáng ipagamót ang mga matáng hindî makákita at pinasiyahán na ng mga ibang Manggagamot ng waláng lunas, ang Josefinang itó ay siyáng naging kapalad ni Dr. Rizal at nákasama niyá sa buhay na yaón sa tapunan.

Ang mga kahilingan ni Dr. Rizal upáng siyá ay patawarin ay hindî diningig ng mga makapangyarihan, nguni’t kailán ma’y dî nanawi sa kanyá ang pagasa, at sa gayóng kalagayan ay tumanggáp siyá ng isáng sulat ng matalik niyáng kaibigang austriako na si Prof. Blumentritt, na kanyáng hilingíng sa Pamahalaáng siyá’y makaparoón sa Kuba bilang Manggagamot ng mga kawal na kastilà doón, at ang gayóng kahilingan ay pinakinggan ni Henerál Blanco, kayá’t siyá, sa paniniwâláng siyá’y waláng masamáng nágawâ kangino man na titigatig sa sariling budhî, kasama ni Josefina at ng kanyáng pamangking si Maria Luisa, ay agád napa Maynilà at sa kasamaáng palad, nang silá’y dumaóng sa luók ng Maynilà ang sasakyáng patungo sa Espanya ay nakáalis na, kayá’t sila ay nangapilitang maghintáy ng panibagong sasakyáng lálayag, na dî iba’t ang «Castilla». At si Rizal ay tumulak na nga, nguni’t ang Hímagsíkang pinangunguluhan ni Gat Bonifacio ay nabunsód ng walâ sa panahón at isáng pahatid kawad na buhat kay Gobernador Polavieja ang tinanggap, nang ang «Castilla» ay dumaóg sa Kanal ng Sues, hatid kawad na naguutos na dakpin si Dr. Rizal, at sinalubong sa Barselona ang ating kababayan upáng ipiit doón.

Pagkaran ng iláng araw ay ilinulan siyáng mulî upáng ihatid sa Pilipinas. Nang idaán sa Hongkóng ay sinikap ni Dr. Regidor na siyá’y palayain sa pamamagitan ng «Habeas Corpus» nguni’t hindî ipinagtagumpáy ni G. Regidor, ang kanyáng banál na nais na mapalayà si Dr. Rizal.

Siyá’y inusig dahil sa pagkakátatag ng «Liga Filipina» at pagtataguyod ng Himagsikan, at hindî siyá pinahintulutang makapagtanggól máliban sa siyá’y pinapamili sa mga Pámunuáng doón ay nátitipon. Napili niyá si G. Luis Taviel Andrade, isáng marangál na kastilang nagtanggól sa kanyá ng ubos kaya, nguni’t hindî diningig at hinatulan siyáng barilín sa Liwasan ng Bagumbayan.

Sa pagkamánunulat ni Rizal ay walâ nang máitatawad. Masasabi nang waláng alinlangan, na ang kanyáng panitik ang siyáng lumikhâ ng mga kabaguhan sa kapamayanan, na kasalukuyan nating tinatamasa at siyáng nagpayanig ng matibay na Pámahalaán ng kastilà na mahigit ng tatlóng daang taóng sa atin ay naghari.

Ang dakilang Bayaning itó na pinagúukulan namin ng ulat ngayón, ay siniíl ng kalupitán nang dî malilimutang Henerál Polavieja at niyaóng ika-30 ng Disyembre ng taóng 1896 sa lawak ng Bagumbayan ay pinapagdanak ang kalinislinisáng dugô ng isáng banál na anák ng Pilipinas.

Ang hagunót na hálakhakan ng kanyáng mga kaaway ay nariringig pa halos nang dumating ang hatol ng tadhanang matapos ang kalupitán ng mga kastilà rito sa atíng lupaín at niyaóng Mayo ng 1898 ang makapangyarihang bayang amerikano, sa likhà ng mga pangyayari ay nagpadalá rito ng kanyáng mga sasakyáng pandigmâ, upáng sa pamamagitan ng mga punglóng ibinúbuga ng mga kanyón sa Hukbó ng dating Panginoón at Harì ay mábabâ at mahalinhán ang watawat na «gintô at dugô» na sumaksí rito sa ating lupaing mapagkalingà ng mga dî mahulilip nakalupitán.

At buhat noón ang mga unáng banaag ng Bagóng Araw ng Pilipinas ay namiták sa silanganan ng kanyáng pagasa.

Bilang pagwakás sa ulat na itó ay ilalakip namin dito ang huling bunga ng panitik ng Bayaning Tagalog na pinamagatán niyá ng Mi Ultimo Adios.

Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings
Jose Rizal is the national hero of the Philippines, one of the Southeast Asian countries. His full name was Jose Protacio
Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda. He was born on June 19, 1861 as the 7th child of the eleven children in the family of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda. He was internationally known for his two novels that made the Filipinos aware of Spanish injustices and eventually fought for and achieved independence after a bloody revolution which was triggered by his death on December 30, 1896. The first novel, “Noli Me Tangere” was analytically considered as the “work of the heart” that made the Filipino readers at that time, felt the social injustices or social cancer; and the second novel, “El Filibusterismo”, the continuation of the first, was considered as the “work of the head” as it was a political novel.Jose Rizal was not really against Spain or the Catholic Church during that time. He was fighting using his writing prowess against bad friars and abusive government officials. He even enrolled on November 3, 1883 and finished his Doctorate Courses of Medicine on June 21, 1884 and Philosophy and Letters at the Central University of Madrid, Spain on June 19, 1885, After graduation, he proceeded to specialize in Ophthalmology in Europe. While staying in Europe, he wrote and fiinally published on March 29, 1887 his first novel wherein copies were sent and circulated in the Philippines. He arrived home in the Philippines on August 6, 1887. After helping the people in the agrarian trouble of his hometown and curing the blindness of his mother’s eyes, he was forced to go abroad
again on February 3, 1888 in order not to jeopardize the safety and happiness of his family and friends with his presence due to the anger of people who were doing injustices who were hurt of truth Rizal revealed through his novel.He passed through Hongkong, Japan, and America in going again to Europe where he stayed from May 1888 to October 1891 and continued the writing of his second novel that was finally published and came out the press on September 18, 1891. Just like the first novel, it had great effects on the Filipino readers and thus, increased more the anger of those involved in injustices and abuses.When he went home in the Philippines for the second time on June 26, 1892 after passing through and staying in Hongkong from November 1891 to June 1892, he organized Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892 to nationally unify the Filipinos. But he was arrested and deported in Northern Mindanao, particularly Dapitan where he lived for four years and twenty four days – from July 7, 1892 to July 31, 1896. In Dapitan, he lived a useful and peaceful life serving and improving the community as a physician, an engineer, an educator, an artist, a farmer, a businessman, and an inventor. There, he finally met the Irish girl, Josephine Bracken, who became his wife.One September 2, 1896, he left Manila for Spain hoping to contribute his medical skill to combat the yellow fever epidemic in Cuba which was his destination. But he was arrested before reaching Spain and jailed in Barcelona, shipped back in the Philippines on November 3, 1896 and imprisoned at Fort Bonifacio, Manila. After a trial, which was a farce due to the hatred of abusive officials and bad friars, he was proven guilty of rebellion, sedition, and illegal association which twisted the truth. The verdict given was death by firing squad which was approved by Governor Camilo G. de Polavieja who ordered his execution on December 30, 1896.The death of Jose Rizal at Bagumbayan on the said date was so remarkable as he was not afraid to die for his country. His love for the Philippines was indeed shown in his last poem which was later titled by Rizalists as “Mi Ultimo Adios”.

Rizal’s ”rags-to-riches” ancestor from South China
By Wilson Y. Lee Flores

QUANZHOU CITY, China–In the annals of the world’s top ethnic
Chinese entrepreneurs, immigrant tycoon Don Domingo Lamco
(Chinese name: ”Cue Yi-Lam,” also pronounced ”Ke Yi-Nan” in
Mandarin) of Laguna province, the Philippines will eventually
rank high in importance due to the greatness of his direct male
heir and Philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal.

Five Rizal descendants recently made a historic homecoming to
the hero’s ancestral village of Siongque (pronounced ”Zhang
Guo” in Mandarin) in Losan district, Jinjiang City, Fujian
province, south China last April 2, just three days before the
ancient Ching Ming Festival when Chinese people traditionally
pay homage to their ancestors. Agence France Presse (AFP)
said 10,000 people gave a grand welcome in Siongque. Many
Filipino businessmen now propose the construction of a
1.2-hectare Rizal park and museum in Fujian as ”symbols of the
enduring friendly relations between the Philippines and China.”

In May 1998, this writer had lunch at the home of Rizal’s
grandniece Asuncion Lopez-Rizal Bantug and I told her it was
possible to trace the hero’s Chinese roots. In February this year,
this writer and businessman Manuel O. Chua successfully
verified the roots of Rizal based on south China genealogical
records and a 1913 book donated by the late Justice Roman
Ozaeta (father of former PCIBank president Antonio Ozaeta) to
Manila’s National Library. Authored by American historian Prof.
Austin Craig, the book ”Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,
Philippine Patriot” gave the first Philippine verification of Rizal’s
Chinese roots in the chapter on ”Rizal’s Chinese Ancestry.”

Domingo Lamco had specified Siongque in Manila church
records as his home village near Chinchew or ”City of Spring.”
”Siongque Village of Fujian province indeed exists near the
historic city of Quanzhou, which is pronounced ”Chuanchow,”
meaning ”City of Spring.” The rural areas of Jinjiang (now a city),
Lamoa, Hui-Wa, Chio-Sai, An-Khue and others under Quanzhou
are the ancestral places of 80 percent of the country’s top
Filipino entrepreneurs of Chinese descent.

Rizal’s eminent ancestors

Siongque was the rural ”barrio” where entrepreneur Domingo
Lamco was born and educated in. He was the 19th generation of
the first Cua who settled in Siongque. The Cua clan of south
China and Asia trace their origins 3,000 years ago to patriarch
Chua Siok-To in the Yellow River basin of central China, in that
area now called Henan province. Duke Chua Siok-To was the
fifth son of the political genius who founded the Chou Dynasty
and his eldest brother later became the king. This era was before
the rise of a unified China under first Emperor Chin Shih
Huang-Ti. Descendants of Chua (also pronounced ”Tsai” in
Mandarin or ”Choy” in Cantonese) include some of the world’s
richest billionaires according to Forbes magazine–Taiwanese
Tsai Wan-Lin of Cathay Life Group and Indonesian ‘Tobacco
King’ Rachman Halim (Chua To-Hing) of Gudang Garam Group.
Another clan member was the late Philippine ‘Sugar King’ and
philanthropist Antonio Roxas-Chua. Another heir of patriarch
Chua Siok-To started the clan of Cua (pronounced ”Ke” in
Mandarin, also spelled as ”Qua” or ”Koa,” of which Domingo
Lamco and Dr. Jose Rizal were direct male descendants).

Lamco was founder of the entrepreneurial Mercado clan in
Laguna and the great-great-grandfather of Dr. Jose Rizal. From
March 31 to April 7, this writer accompanied and acted as
interpreter in south China to the five Rizal heirs–businessman
Antonio ”Noni” Lopez-Rizal Bantug Jr., Leandro Bantug Jr.
(whose father Dinky owns a top furniture firm and the MBA
basketball team Manila Metrostars), Raul Jose Rizal Tan,
Ricardo Consunji III and Ditas O. Consunji. Noni’s 78-year-old
mother Asuncion is the granddaughter of Rizal’s elder sister
Narcisa and author of two important Rizal biographies.

Village of Lamco and Copra King

The five Rizal heirs were accompanied by 200 Cua-Chua clan
members from the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong,
Malaysia, Taiwan and China in the sentimental journey to the
village of Domingo Lamco. The entire 5,000 population of
Siongque Village and thousands others from nearby villages
lined all streets for the grand welcome. There were nonstop
firecracker blasts, the local school was closed, red banners filled
the walls saying ”Welcome Home, heirs of Domingo Lamco and
Jose Rizal from the Philippines,” a thousand small children in red
waved flower bouquets and ancient rites were held in them two
village temples. It was a welcome befitting an emperor.

Noni Bantug delivered a speech hoping that the memory of
Rizal’s Chinese heritage will strengthen Philippine-China
relations. Stanford-educated Ricardo ”Bombit” Consunji III
(Chinese name: Cua Yeng-Liong), with Philbank director Francis
Chua’s help in drafting his speech, impressed the audience by
speaking about his ”lolo” Jose Rizal in fluent Mandarin. Rizal
himself was fluent in the Chinese language and researched
Chinese historical data referring to pre-colonial Philippines to
debunk Spanish claims that the country had no early culture.

Bicolano trader Melanio Cua Fernando said: ”Our village had
never seen such a grand celebration, not since 1948 when
Bicolano tycoon Qua Chee Gan, another son of this village,
returned to Siongque to donate the local school.” In the. pre-war
era years to the pre-martial law 1970s, immigrant Qua Chee Gan
was the ”rags-to-riches” trader who became Philippine ”Copra
King.” Based in Tabaco, Albay, Qua vigorously pushed
Philippine copra exports and was also a leading philanthropist.
Qua was so respected for his ”shinyung” or ”trustworthiness”
that company drafts with his signatures were then considered
more valuable than cash by traders in the Bicol region and
Quezon province. One of his agency managers based in Daet,
Camarines Norte was the late Fernando S. Vinzons Sr., the future
top Bicolano businessman and father of former BIR
Commissioner Liwayway Vinzons Chato.

From merchant, mayors to martyr

Domingo Lamco was a fearless entrepreneur who not only
ensured the survival of his descendants, but also their
socio-political leadership as highly educated ilustrados. Lamco
achieved business success despite cruel odds, since the
Spaniards persecuted the Chinese and Chinese mestizos,
required them to pay unfair higher taxes and even at times
massacred them.

Persecutions toughened the Chinese traders, forcing them to
become resilient and resourceful. Baptized in the Catholic
church of Manila’s Parian Chinese ghetto in June 1697 at age of
35, Domingo Lamco later moved to Bi?an, Laguna, prospered
and became a Chinese community leader. To free his heirs from
the Spanish regime’s anti-Chinese racist policies, Lamco gave
his clan the new surname ”Mercado” (meaning ”market” in
Spanish) so that his heirs will not to forget their Chinese
merchant roots.

Rizal’s ancestors were survivors of the Spanish colonial regime’s
racism and despotism. Domingo Lamco wed Inez de la Roza,
daughter of the successful immigrant trader from Chuanchow
named Agustin Chinco. Lamco’s son Francisco Mercado and
grandson Juan Mercado married Chinese mestizas and both
served as distinguished mayors of Bi?an for a total of five terms.

Juan’s wife Cirila Alejandra was the daughter of an immigrant
trader and Domingo Lamco’s baptismal godson Siong-co. By the
time of Rizal’s father, their branch of the wealthy clan moved to
Calamba, built the first stone house in the whole town, owned
the first piano, the first carriage, owned a flour mill, a dye
factory, increased landholdings and sent their children to the
best schools. Jose Rizal Mercado again had to change the
family surname before entering Manila’s Ateneo, to avoid
Spanish persecution since his elder brother Paciano Mercado
was close to the martyred Filipino priest, Jose Burgos. Rizal
himself died a martyr in 1896 at age 35, becoming a hero whose
powerful ideas and moral courage helped liberate the Filipino
nation from Spanish oppression.

It is fitting that much of Asia now honor the immigrant trader
Don Domingo Lamco of Laguna. His ”rags-to-riches” career may
not yet be as well-known as those of immigrant billionaires Li
Ka-Shing of Hong Kong, Liem Sioe-Liong (Sudono Salim) of
Indonesia, prewar ”Rubber King” Tan Kah-Kee of Singapore,
John Gokongwei Jr., Tan Yu or Henry Sy of the Philippines or
even that of 19th century empire-builder Jose Cojuangco I of
Tarlac, but Don Domingo Lamco’s legacy of courage and
excellence embodied by heir Dr. Jose Rizal had immeasurably
enriched Philippine national life.

Source: Philippine Inquirer Internet Edition (April 26, 1999 )

Huling Paalam ni Jose Rizal

sa salin ni Jose Gatmaytan (translator)

Paalam na, sintang lupang tinubuan,
Bayang masagana sa init ng araw,
Edeng maligaya sa ami’y pumanaw
At perlas ng dagat sa dakong Silangan.
Inihahandog ko ng ganap na tuwa
Sa iyo yaring buhay na lanta na’t aba;
Naging dakila ma’y iaalay rin nga
Kung dahil sa iyong ikatitimawa.
Ang nanga sa digmaan dumog sa paglaban
Handog din sa iyo ang kanilang buhay,
Hirap ay di pansin at di gunamgunam
Ang pagkaparool o pagtagumpay.
Bibitaya’t madlang mabangis na sakit
O pakikibakang lubhang mapanganib,
Pawang titiisin kung ito ang nais
Ng baya’t tahanang pinakaiibig.
Ako’y mamamatay ngayong minamalas
Ang kulay ng langit na nanganganinag
Ibinababalang araw ay sisikat
Sa kabila niyang mapanglaw na ulap.
Kung dugo ang iyong kinakailangan
Sa ikadidilag ng iyong pagsilang,
Dugo ko’y ibubo’t sa isa man lamang
Nang gumigiti mong sinag ay kuminang.
Ang mga nasa ko, mulang magkaisip,
Magpahanggang ngayon maganap ang bait,
Ang ikaw’y makitnag hiyas na marikit
Ng dagat Silangan na nakaliligid.
Noo mo’y maningning at sa mga mata
Mapait na luha bakas ma’y wala na,
Wala ka ng poot, wala ng balisa,
Walang kadungua’t munti mang pangamba,
Sa sandaling buhay maalab kong nais
Ang kagalingan mo’t ang paiwang sulit
Ng kaluluwa king gayak ng aalis:
Ginhawa’y kamtan mo! Anong pagkarikit!
Nang maaba’t ikaw’y mapataas lamang,
Mamatay at upang mabigyan kang buihay,
Malibing sa lupang puspos ng karika’t
Sa silong ng iyong langit ay mahimlay.
Kung sa ibang araw ikaw’y may mapansin
Nipot na bulaklak sa aba kong libing,
Sa gitna ng mga damong masisinsin,
Hagka’t ang halik mo’y itaos sa akin.
Sa samyo ng iyong pagsuyong matamis,
Mataos na taghoy ng may sintang sibsib,
Bayang tumaggap noo ko ng init,
Na natatabunan ng lupang malamig.
Bayan mong ako’y malasin ng buwan
Sa liwang niyang hilano’t malamlam;
Bayan ihatid sa aking liwayway
Ang banaang niyang dagling napaparam.
Bayaang humalik ang simoy ng hangin;
Bayaang sa huning masaya’y awitin
Ng darapong ibon sa kurus ng libing
Ang buhay payapang ikinaaaliw.
Bayaang ang araw na lubhang maningas
Pawiin ang ulan, gawing pawang ulap,
Maging panganuring sa langit umakyat,
At ang aking daing ay mapakilangkap.
Bayaang ang aking maagang pagpanw,
Itangis ng isnag lubos na nagmamahal;
Kung may umalala sa akin ng dasal,
Ako’y iyo sanang idalangin naman.
Idalangin mo rin ang di nagkapalad,
Na nangamatay na’t yaong nanganhirap
sa daming pasakit, at ang lumalangap
naming mga ina luhang masaklap.
Idalangin sampo ng bawa’t ulila
at nangapipiit na tigib ng dusa;
idalangin mo ring ikaw’y matubos na
sa pagkaaping laong binata.
Kung nababalot na ang mga libingan
Ng sapot na itim ng gabing mapanglaw,
at wala ng tanod kundi pawing patay,
huwang gambalain ang katahimikan.
Pagpitagan mo ang hiwagang lihim,
at mapapakinggan ang tinig marahil,
ng isang saltero: Ito nga’y ako ring
inaawitanka ng aking paggiliw.
Kung ang libingan kong limot na ang madla
ay wala nang kurus at bato mang tanda
sa nangangabubukid ay ipaubayang
bungkali’t isabog ang natipong lupa.
Ang mga abo ko’y bago pailanglang
mauwi sa wala na pinaggalingan,
ay makalt munag parang kapupunanng
iyong alabok sa lupang tuntungan.
Sa gayo’y walaa ng anoman sa akin,
na limutin mo ma’t aking lilibutin
ang himpapawid mo kaparanga’t hangin
at ako sa iyo’y magiging taginting.
Bango, tinig, higing, awit na masaya
liwanag aat kulay na lugod ng mata’t
uulit-ulitin sa tuwi-tuwina.
Ako’y yayao na sa bayang payapa,
na walang alipi’t punoing mapang-aba,
doo’y di nanatay ang paniniwala
at ang naghahari Diyos na dakila.
Paalam anak, magulang, kapatid,
bahagi ng puso’t unang nakaniig,
ipagpasalamat ang aking pag-alis
sa buhay na itong lagi ng ligalig.
Paalam na liyag, tanging kaulayaw,
taga ibang lupang aking katuwaan,
paaalam sa inyo, mga minamahal;
mamatay ay ganap na katahimikan.

Ang Awit ni Maria Clara ni Jose Rizal

Walang kasintamis ang mga sandali sa sariling bayan,
Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik ng araw,
May buhay na dulot ang mahinhing simoy na galing sa parang.
Pagsinta’y matimyas, at napakatamis ng kamatayan man.
Maapoy na halik, ang idinarampi ng labi ng ina
Paggising ng sanggol sa kanyang kandungan na walang balisa,
Pagkawit sa leeg ng bisig na sabik pa-uumaga na,
Matang manininging ay nangakangiti’t pupos ng ligaya.
Mamatay ay langit kung dahil sa ating lupang tinubuan,
Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik ng araw,
Ang mahinhing simoy ns galing sa bukid ay lubhang mapanglaw
Sa wala nang ina, wala nang tahana’t walang nagmamahal.

Pinatutula Ako ni Jose Rizal

Iyong hinihiling, lira ay tugtugin
bagaman sira na’t laon nang naumid
ayaw nang tumipa ang nagtampong bagting
pati aking Musa ay nagtago narin.
malungkot na nota ang nasnaw na himig
waring hinuhugot dusa at hinagpis
at ang alingawngaw ay umaaliwiw
sa sarili na ring puso at damdamin.
kaya nga’t sa gitna niring aking hapis
yaring kalul’wa ko’y parang namamanhid.
Nagkapanahon nga … kaipala’y, tunay
ang mga araw na matuling nagdaan
nang ako sa akong Musa’y napamahal
lagi na sa akin, ngiti’y nakalaan.
ngunit marami nang lumipas na araw
sa aking damdamin alaala’y naiwan
katulad ng saya at kaligayahan
kapag dumaan na’y may hiwagang taglay
na mga awiting animo’y lumulutang
sa aking gunitang malabo, malamlam.
Katulad ko’y binhing binunot na tanim
sa nilagakan kong Silangang lupain
pawang lahat-lahat ay kagiliw-giliw
manirahan doo’y sayang walang maliw.
ang bayan kong ito, na lubhang marikit
sa diwa’t puso ko’y hindi mawawaglit
ibong malalaya, nangagsisiawit
mulang kabundukan, lagaslas ng tubig
ang halik ng dagat sa buhangin mandin
lahat ng ito’y, hindi magmamaliw.
Nang ako’y musmos pa’y aking natutuhang
masayang batiin ang sikat ng araw
habang sa diwa ko’y waring naglalatang
silakbo ng isang kumukulong bulkan.
laon nang makata, kaya’t ako nama’y
laging nagnanais na aking tawagan
sa diwa at tula, hanging nagduruyan:
“Ikalat mo lamang ang kanyang pangalan,
angking kabantugan ay ipaghiyawan
mataas, mababa’y, hayaang magpisan”.

Awit Ng Manlalakbay ni Jose Rizal

Kagaya ng dahong nalanta, nalagas,
Sinisiklut-siklot ng hanging marahas;
Abang manlalakbay ay wala nang liyag,
Layuin, kalulwa’t bayang matatawag.
Hinahabul-habol yaong kapalarang
Mailap at hindi masunggab-sunggaban;
Magandang pag-asa’y kung nanlalabo man,
Siya’y patuloy ring patungo kung saan!
Sa udyok ng hindi nakikitang lakas,
Silanga’t Kanlura’y kanyang nililipad,
Mga minamahal ay napapangarap,
Gayon din ang araw ng pamamanatag.
Sa pusod ng isang disyertong mapanglaw,
Siya’y maaaring doon na mamatay,
Limot ng daigdig at sariling bayan,
Kamtan nawa niya ang kapayapaan!
Dami ng sa kanya ay nangaiinggit,
Ibong naglalakaby sa buong daigdig,
Hindi nila tanto ang laki ng hapis
Na sa kanyang puso ay lumiligalig.
Kung sa mga tanging minahal sa buhay
Siya’y magbalik pa pagdating ng araw,
Makikita niya’y mga guho lamang
At puntod ng kanyang mga kaibigan.
Abang manlalakbay! Huwag nang magbalik,
Sa sariling baya’y wala kang katalik;
Bayaang ang puso ng iba’y umawit,
Lumaboy kang muli sa buong daigdig.
Abang manlalakbay! Bakit babalik pa?
Ang luhang inyukol sa iyo’y tuyo na;
Abang manlalakbay! Limutin ang dusa,
Sa hapis ng tao, mundo’y nagtatawa.